IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): Protocol Engineering

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): Protocol Engineering The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force): The protocol engineering and development arm of the Internet    I chose this working group because I had not been aware of its existence and wanted to learn more about it. I am very familiar with the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) from various research projects over the years that I have been required to complete for other Strayer class assignments. (Rouse, M 2017) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Retrieved from: http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/IETF writes: The IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) is the body that defines standard Internet operating protocols such as TCP/IP. The IETF is supervised by the Internet Society Internet Architecture Board (IAB). IETF members are drawn from the Internet Societys individual and organization membership. Standards are expressed in the form of Requests for Comments (RFCs). Simply put, as it is written: (Alvestrand, H. 2004) Network Working Group Request for Comments: 3935 Retrieved from: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3935.txt: The goal of the IETF is to make the Internet work better. The mission of the IETF is to produce high quality, relevant technical and engineering documents that influence the way people design, use, and manage the Internet in such a way as to make the Internet work better. These documents include protocol standards, best current practices, and informational documents of various kinds. The Need of the IEEE 802 Standard for Networking The IEEE 802 Standards for Networking are needed to ensure compatibility for network devices and it also simplifies networking product development. The standard makes the comparing of competing vendor products easy to understand and spurs product development. I believe that it establishes protocols that can be globally adopted and these can be applied across many markets that encourage international trade, key especially today in the global landscape business wise. Standards make it easier for new products to be developed and the markets for these products verifiable. The IEEE 802 Standards for Networking addresses the Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) networking reference model. Standards Organizations Overview Organization IEEE ISO ANSI Purpose The IEEE Standards Association defines such wireless technologies as Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) and WiFi (802.11) International Organization for Standardization American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Other Information 802.11 Standards for wireless LANs 802.1- Standards and recommended practices for: 802 LAN/MAN architecture, internetworking among 802 LANs, MANs, and other wide area networks, 802 overall network management, and protocol layers above the MAC and LLC layers. One important area of standardization deals with the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communications architecture and the standards at each layer of the OSI networking reference model. a private, non-profit organization. that administers and coordinates the U.S. voluntary standards and conformity assessment system. Data communications and networking. ANSI coordinates the U.S. voluntary consensus standards system, providing a neutral forum for the development of policies on standards issues and serves as a watchdog for standards development and conformity assessment programs and processes. Important for communication technology? Yes and I would surmise most important for communication technology since the standards created by the IEEE 802 are also adopted by the other two organizations listed in this table Yes Yes The Need for a Federal Regulating Body of Standards (Such as NIST) The National Institute of Standards and Technology was created in 1901 and it is now part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The agency was created by Congress to ensure that the U.S. Industrial infrastructure was competitive with those of the United Kingdom, Germany, and other countries. The creation of NIST and other Federal standardization bodies are beneficial in several ways. I believe that they provide product safety, ensure competitiveness, provide consumer protection, and also can act as a means of compliance. In my opinion these standards also are of benefit to the U.S. marketplace and the ability of consumers to switch to other competing products if they are dissatisfied with their initial choice. Federal Standards act as guidelines that all businesses can and should follow and with Federal Standards in place, there can also be mechanisms established that punish those that try to operate not in the best interest of the U.S. or its citizens. Federal Regulating Body of Stand ards can provide the following benefits: Product Safety and reliability Business benefits: provide a solid foundation to develop new technologies Encourage innovation Provides Consumer choice, new features and options References Alvestrand, H. (2004) Network Working Group Request for Comments: 3935 Retrieved from: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3935.txt Rouse, M (2016) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Retrieved from: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/IEEE-Institute-of-Electrical-and-Electronics- Engineers Rouse, M (2017) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Retrieved from: http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/definition/IETF Stallings, W (2009) Standards Organizations Retrieved from: http://www.box.net/shared/9dtnzvwys8/1/15730219/164146343/1 Child Health Case Study: Acute Otitis Media Child Health Case Study: Acute Otitis Media Michael-Jon Rosslee Child Health Portfolio Case General Information Report: Infant between 1-6 months of age Sex: Female Age: 4 months CDC: Grassy Park Disease Narrative A 4-month-old girl, was brought into Grassy Park Community Day Clinic (CDC) by her mother, who was concerned that she was pulling and touching her ears more than usual for the past two days. Mrs X had taken her to visit a private doctor two weeks prior due to a runny nose but she has otherwise been well since. The child now, in addition to presenting with ear problems, is more irritable and restless than normal and is waking at night from ear pain resulting in Mrs X to seek health care for her daughter. She does not have any discharge from her ear or associated fever and Mrs X has not attempted any form of treatment of the ear infection with home or over the counter remedies. Mrs X, who works as a caterer in Kingsbury hospital, feared for her daughters health after having seen other children with ear infections display similar signs and wanted to ensure that the problem was seen to by a medical health professional as soon as possible. This is the first time this set of symptoms has occurred, and, other than the visit to the private doctor, the road to health card and mother both indicate the child is growing well and is is a happy healthy child. As both the childs parents work during the day time, she is looked after by a friend of Mrs X, who, in affectionate terms, is termed a day mother by the family. Health System Experience Mrs X luckily has experienced health care from both the public and private health care system, with the choice of health care service dictated by many factors such as illness, time available and finances. On reflection she notes she is happy with the health care service provided by both the private and public system, but further goes on to say that within the private health care system it seems that the doctors and nurses go further in providing all round health care, whereas in the public system it seems they just do the minimum in treatment in order to move patients along. As a result, she enjoys the experience more within the private health care system than that of the public healthcare system. Mrs X does go on to note that at Grassy Park CDC appointment times and quick queues have made the experience better and under normal circumstances, Mrs X would have been able to arrive at the specified time for the appointment and not have to wait too long to be seen. In contrast, today, Mrs X arrived at the clinic at 9H00 without an appointment and would have otherwise waited for an extended period of time had not the medical students seen to her and her child. Mrs X notes this as an isolated incidence in not having an appointment. The students performed a general examination which included weight, length, MUAC as well as a specific systemic examination of the ENT in order to investigate the complaint of an ear infection. Generally, Mrs X also further goes on to note, the positive attitudes of the health care workers who; always give you the full information, ensure that she is kept abreast of all the developments in regard to her daughters health and enquire after her health and the context of the family. This has resulted in Mrs X perceiving a high quality of care received from the CDC. Lastly, she made a call for more sisters, nurses and doctors, as, although there is a high quality of care, she feels that as a result more patients could be helped and cared for at the CDC. Family and Financial Cost Both Mr and Mrs X both work full time, thus having to take the child to the CDC or private doctor for a health issue is a burden on their capacity to earn and support their family. Nonetheless, Mrs X feels that it is worth the cost in her time as she wants to be in the consultation with her child, as then she knows what is wrong with her and how best to treat it. Financially, attending a private doctor is only done when necessary, which is in contrast to the public health care system where the care is cheaper/free but can sometimes spend longer waiting and thus not earning money due to the time taken off work. Thereby, it seems it is a cost-benefit problem for the family as both Mr and Mrs X get paid monthly, they cannot absorb unexpected costs. The family is otherwise under no heavy financial burden and receive no grant. Mrs X notes a good value of service received from the CDC and is always able to make time and money available for the small expenses required in the caring for of h er daughter. Preventable-Promotional Aspects The child was confirmed to have an acute ear infection and preventable and promotional aspects of her care thereafter can be seen in three dimensions, mainly; downstream, midstream and upstream measures. Upstream and midstream measures would simply consist of general education and health promotion targeted towards carers of infants in order to allow them to care for/prevent ear infections in infants themselves and what danger signs warrant the seeking of medical attention. Downstream would consist of treating the acute ear infection. Amoxicillin and Paracetamol syrup were prescribed and the mother health promoted on administration of medication, bottle hygiene, the Vitamin A and deworming schedule, and to return if danger signs noted. Mrs X is aware of general ear care with regard to; not using ear buds to clean her daughters ears, not placing foreign objects within the ear canal, but is otherwise not aware or any ameliorating factors that may have prevented the ear infection in the first place. Upon further discussion, it is noted that when washing her daughters head, the ear does become submerged in the bath water and water does enter the ear canal which does worry Mrs X. Health education to alleviate the worry was conducted. Pathophysiology Acute otitis media is a common ear infection among infants where parts of the middle ear become infected and swollen with fluid build-up and entrapment behind the tympanic membrane. Signs and symptoms of acute otitis media can vary but usually consist of ear pain/tugging or pulling at the ears, trouble sleeping, ear discharge, restlessness. It aetiology is usually bacterial in nature and is often preceded by/associated with a sore throat or upper respiratory tract infection. Children and infants are more predisposed to acute otitis media due to the fact that the Eustachian tubes are smaller and more horizontal than in adults. This facilitates tracking up of bacteria and decreased drainage of fluid from the ear even in normal circumstances. Local inflammation of the Eustachian tube and inner ear can cause blockage and thereby further encourage fluid build-up within the middle ear. Diagnosis is made by history and findings on general and ENT examination. Treatment consists of; an antibiotic (usually Amoxicillin), an analgaesic such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, a follow-up visit 5 days later and health promotion on general aspects of infant/child health such as immunisations and Vitamin A administration. Research Articles Kilpi T, Ahman H, Jokinen J, Lankinen K, Palmu A, Savolainen H et al. Protective efficacy of a second pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal acute otitis media in infants and children: randomized, controlled trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine in 1666 children. Clin Infec Dis. 2003;37(9):1155-1164. Del Mar C, Glasziou P, Hayem M. Are antibiotics indicated as initial treatment for children with acute otitis media? A meta-analysis. BMJ. 1997;314(7093):1526-1526.